This synthesis paper discusses the development of this concept across disciplines and how ES and NC concepts may be integrated into resilience thinking. Ecological dimensions of resilience are increasingly incorporated into wider research frameworks and societal initiatives, with ecosystem services and natural capital often seen as core aspects of resilience in social-ecological systems, and an important part of 'resilience thinking'. For operationalisation of concepts of ES and NC, resilience may be framed as the capacity of a social-ecological system to cope with variability - often framed in terms of abrupt changes due to hazardous events, trends or disturbance.
